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The Scriptural Count To Pentecost Foreword Historically, over the years, there have been many methods
used to count the 50 days from Unleavened Bread to Pentecost (Leviticus
23:15-16). Some start the count from the first High Day of Unleavened Bread, Abib
15; some start the count from the weekly Sabbath that falls within this
seven-day period; some start the count from Abib 14, considering this to be the
High Day. Others say there is no correlation between the Feast of Unleavened
Bread and Pentecost (Feast of Weeks). Even when different groups and individuals start the count
from the same day, some still end up with different days to observe this High
Sabbath. Case in point: When I first came into the (then) Radio Church of God
in 1961, they were beginning the count from the weekly Sabbath during UB, but
somehow ending up on a Monday date for Pentecost. Later on, they changed their name to the Worldwide Church of
God, and changed their count so that Pentecost fell on Sunday. But to this day,
there are offshoots and individuals who still believe and practice a Monday
Pentecost. Some others who left that Church became convinced that the count
should begin on the 15th of Abib, as some sects of Jews practice.
Since they use the Hebrew calendar instead of a visual new moon sighting,
Pentecost always falls on the 6th of Sivan, the third month of the
Hebrew calendar, for them. Nominal Christians count seven weeks from Easter. And so it
goes, every man doing what is right in his own eyes. I personally have wrestled
with this counting "problem" for the better part of 15 years, before
"seeing the light." Why did it take so long? And what finally convinced me?
Because the way the relevant Scriptures are translated makes it very difficult
to determine just which Sabbath is being referred to in Leviticus 23:15. Weekly
or Annual? So I vacillated between two opinions for a while. I was finally
convinced by a thorough word study, which was done by Frank W. Nelte. This
paper is an edited and condensed version of his study. His is the most accurate
study of all the words relating to this subject that I have ever seen. If you, too, have been undecided on this subject, then take a
few minutes to read this article, then go back, check and verify the
conclusions he has reached. It is my hope that it will help you to resolve this
(up to now) perplexing question. It is important that we observe Yahweh's Holy
Days on the correct dates, insofar as is possible. ~fb The Scriptural Count to Pentecost By Frank Brown For many years, I followed the teachings
of my church leaders that Pentecost (Feast of Weeks) was properly counted as
being 50 days after the wave sheaf was offered. This wave sheaf was presented
the "day after" the weekly Sabbath that falls within the days of Unleavened
Bread, as supposedly explained in Lev. 23:11. Using this method, both the wave
sheaf and Pentecost always falls on a Sunday, the first day of the week. Only later, after leaving that
group, did I discover that this is the method of counting that was employed by
the Sadducees in Yahshua's day. The method used by the Pharisees, of which the
Apostle Paul was one, used a different beginning point, i.e., the first Holy
Day of Unleavened Bread, the 15th of Abib. Using this method, they always come
out on the 6th of Sivan, the third month of the Hebrew calendar, for Feast of
Weeks. Present-day Jews, for the most
part, still use this method, although their calendar has been changed since the
days of Yahshua the Messiah. They no longer watch for the visible new moon
crescent in the western sky, but use a method of calculation based on the
conjunction. In addition, they have added "postponements" so that
Feast days will not occur on certain days of the week. By jockeying the
beginning of the month around in this manner, their months no longer begin on
the new moon, but may be a day or two earlier or later than the actual new moon
date. Several years ago, I began to
read William Dankenbring's writings, in which he tried to prove that the
present-day Jewish method is correct. Mr. Dankenbring is an ex-writer for the
Worldwide Church of God's "Plain Truth" magazine. While his arguments
seemed plausible, to the point that I kept both days for 3 or 4 years, I was
never quite convinced that the "Sunday" method was wrong. Nor was I
totally convinced that his "6th of Sivan" was correct, either. So I
kept studying. There are significant Scriptural
indications for BOTH methods, which I will not delve into here. I published an
article covering these some time ago. What finally convinced me was a
conclusive word study done by Mr. Frank W. Nelte. Although his study covered 11 pages of small-type print, I want
to hit only the highlights here. If you would like a copy of his study, write me. It all revolves around the
meanings of two Hebrew words used in Leviticus 23 and other places:
"Sabbath" and "week," and Jewish traditions as opposed to
what the Bible actually says. Yahshua told the religious leaders of His day
that they preferred keeping their own traditions to keeping the Commandments of
Yahweh. Mark 7:9, And he said unto them,
full well ye reject the commandment of Yahweh, that ye may keep your own
tradition. He also told the Sadducees that they "do err, not knowing the
Scriptures" (Mat. 22:29). He called the Scribes and Pharisees
"hypocrites," and said they "say and do not." In fact, one
of the purposes of His coming was to restore what the religious hierarchy had
corrupted. So we see that to put too much
weight on Jewish tradition, whatever it may be, could lead to grievous error.
Unless it squares with the Torah (the books of the Law), then it should not be
used to establish doctrine and religious practice today. With that said, let's
look at the words translated "Sabbath" and "week" in the
Bible. The main reference book used is
Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament, by H. W. F. Gesenius. 1)
There is a primitive root verb "shabath." It means "to
rest," to cease (from labour)," etc. This verb has nothing to do with the number
"seven." 2) From this verb "shabath" a noun has been
formed. That Hebrew noun is the word
"shabbath", the double letter "b" in the middle of the word
signifying a strengthened form of the verb. This noun "shabbath"
means "rest day". Now it is very clear from the Bible that Yahweh
created the seventh day to be that recurring "rest day". But we need
to understand that the word "shabbath", in and by itself, does NOT
contain the meaning "seven" or "seventh" ... it simply
means "rest day". 3) There is a Hebrew word
"sheba" which means "seven". It is derived from the verb
"shaba". 4) This word
"shaba" is also a primitive root
verb. It is NOT directly connected to the previous verb "shabath"
we have looked at. They are totally different verbs, even though to us
English-speakers they may sound very similar. This Hebrew verb
"shaba" means "to swear" or "to charge" or
"to make an oath". The word for "seven" (i.e.
"sheba") is derived from this verb in the sense that oaths were
(sometimes) confirmed by seven
sacrifices or by seven witnesses and pledges, seven being the number that pictured completeness. So notice that this verb "shaba"
has nothing to do with "resting", but that it is linked to the Hebrew
word for "seven". 5) The Hebrew noun
"shabuwa" (or also "shabua") is the passive participle of
the verb "shaba". This Hebrew noun means "a week", a period
of seven days. It is also derived from "shaba". So we need to understand that in biblical
Hebrew there is a word for "Sabbath" (the meaning of which is 'rest
day') and there is another word for "week" (the meaning of which
refers to 'a period of seven days'). While they may sound quite similar to us,
these two words come from different roots and the one word is not derived from
the other. These two words (shabbath and shabuwa) are NOT interchangeable! They
do NOT mean the same thing! To summarize: The verb
"shabath" (to rest) is the root of the word for Sabbath. The verb
"shaba" (to swear) is the root for the words for "seven"
and for "weeks." "Shabuwa" The Hebrew word
"Shabuwa" is used 20 times in the Old Testament; nine of those in the
first five books, the "books of the Law:" Genesis 29:27-28; Exodus
34:22; Lev. 12:5; Deut.16:9-10 & 16. This word "shabuwa" is also
used seven times in the book of Daniel, all meaning "weeks." Of the
20 uses in the Old Testament, in the King James Version it is translated 19
times as "weeks" and one time as "seven," that being Ezek.
45:21. In the first month, in the
fourteenth day of the month, ye shall have the passover, a feast of SEVEN DAYS;
unleavened bread shall be eaten. (Ezekiel 45:21) The Hebrew words here translated as "SEVEN DAYS" are
"shabuwa yom" ('yom' is the Hebrew word for 'day'). This literally
means: "... a feast of a week of
days ..." Thus, the translation as
"a feast of SEVEN days" conveys the intended meaning and the word
"shabuwa" is linked to the word for "seven". An examination of the 9 occurrences in the
above-quoted 8 verses should make quite clear that THIS is indeed the Hebrew
word for "week" and "weeks". This word really has no other
meanings! It is NEVER used in any way to IMPLY any other meaning! Moses, who
wrote the first five books of the Old Testament, was obviously familiar with
this word. SO THERE IS A CLEARLY
DEFINED WORD IN HEBREW WHICH MEANS "WEEKS"! Now let's take a look at the word "shabbath". "Shabbath" This word, "Shabbath,"
is used 108 times in the Old Testament. It is thus quite common. Another word,
which has been formed from this word "shabbath", is the word
"shabbathown", which is used 11 times in 10 different verses, all 11
occurrences being in the books of Exodus and Leviticus. This word
"shabbathown" is translated (in the KJV) 8 times as "REST"
and 3 times as "SABBATH". It is an intensive form of the word for
"rest" and that is precisely what it means ...EMPHATIC REST! In the 108 occurrences of the word
"shabbath" it is translated as "Sabbath" 107 times and one
time as "ANOTHER". That one time is in Isaiah 66:23. And it shall come to pass,
[that] FROM ONE NEW MOON TO ANOTHER, and FROM ONE SABBATH TO ANOTHER, shall all
flesh come to worship before me, saith Yahweh. While this translation correctly
conveys the intended meaning, it is not a fully correct translation of the
Hebrew text. In the Hebrew text there is no word which means
"another". In the Hebrew text this verse actually reads: "... from NEW MOON TO NEW MOON, and from SABBATH TO SABBATH, shall all
flesh come to worship before me, saith Yahweh." The translators opted to use the word "another" twice
in this verse to make it more readable in English without changing the intended
meaning. But it should be quite clear that IN ALL 108 PLACES the word
"shabbath" is ALWAYS correctly translated as "SABBATH"! It
is NEVER translated as "WEEK" or as "WEEKS"! Let's examine
every single use of this word up to the end of Leviticus chapter 23, where the
instructions for the Feast of Pentecost are also recorded. The word "shabbath" is
used 27 times in 22 different verses before Leviticus chapter 24. Those 27 uses
should be sufficient to make VERY CLEAR exactly what meaning Yahweh, the One
who inspired Moses to write these books, attached to this word
"shabbath". Specifically, let's see if there is ANY evidence that
this word EVER meant "week".
Here are these 22 verses. And he said unto them, This [is
that] which Yahweh hath said, TO MORROW
[is] the rest of THE HOLY SABBATH unto Yahweh: bake [that] which ye will bake
[today], and seethe that ye will seethe; and that which remaineth over lay up
for you to be kept until the morning. (Exodus 16:23) And Moses said, Eat that to day;
for TO DAY [IS] A SABBATH unto Yahweh: to day ye shall not find it in the
field. (Exodus 16:25) Six days ye shall gather it; but
on THE SEVENTH DAY, [which IS] THE
SABBATH, in it there shall be none.
(Exodus 16:26) NOTE: In this verse
Yahweh gives us a very clear definition of what the word "Sabbath"
means TO HIM! It is defined as referring to "THE SEVENTH DAY!" See, for that Yahweh hath given
you THE SABBATH, therefore he giveth you on the sixth day the bread of two days; abide ye every man in his place,
let no man go out of his place on the seventh day. (Exodus 16:29) Remember THE SABBATH DAY, to
keep it holy. (Exodus 20:8) But THE SEVENTH DAY [IS] THE SABBATH of Yahweh thy
Elohim: [in it] thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy
daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger
that [is] within thy gates: (Exodus 20:10) NOTE: Here Yahweh AGAIN gives a very
clear definition for the word "Sabbath". It is "THE SEVENTH
DAY"! For [in] six days Yahweh
made heaven and earth, the sea, and all
that in them [is], and rested the seventh day: wherefore Yahweh blessed THE
SABBATH DAY, and hallowed it. (Exodus
20:11). Speak thou also unto the
children of Israel, saying, Verily MY SABBATHS ye shall keep: for it [is] a
sign between me and you throughout your generations; that [ye] may know that I
[am] Yahweh that doth sanctify you. (Exodus 31:13) Ye shall KEEP THE SABBATH
therefore; for it [is] holy unto you: every one that defileth it shall surely
be put to death: for whosoever doeth [any] work therein, that soul shall be cut
off from among his people. (Exodus
31:14) Six days may work be done; but
in the seventh [is] THE SABBATH OF REST, holy to Yahweh: whosoever doeth [any] work in THE SABBATH DAY, he shall
surely be put to death. (Exodus 31:15). Wherefore the children of Israel shall keep THE SABBATH, to
observe THE SABBATH throughout their generations, [for] a perpetual covenant.
(Exodus 31:16). Six days shall work be done, but
on the seventh day there shall be to
you an holy day, A SABBATH of rest to Yahweh: whosoever doeth work therein
shall be put to death. Ye shall kindle
no fire throughout your habitations
upon THE SABBATH DAY (Exodus 35:2-3).
It [shall be] A SABBATH of rest
unto you, and ye shall afflict your souls, by a statute forever. (Leviticus
16:31) NOTE: Here the word
"shabbath" is used to refer to the Day of Atonement. Ye shall fear every man his
mother, and his father, and KEEP MY
SABBATHS: I [am] Yahweh your Elohim.
(Leviticus 19:3). Ye shall KEEP MY SABBATHS, and
reverence my sanctuary: I [am] Yahweh. (Leviticus 19:30). Six days shall work be done: but
THE SEVENTH DAY [IS] THE SABBATH of rest, an holy convocation; ye shall do no
work [therein]: IT [IS] THE SABBATH of Yahweh in all your dwellings. (Leviticus
23:3). NOTE: Here Yahweh AGAIN gives a very clear definition for the word
"Sabbath". It is "THE SEVENTH DAY"! And he shall wave the sheaf before Yahweh,
to be accepted for you: on the morrow AFTER THE SABBATH the priest shall wave
it. (Leviticus 23:11) And ye shall count unto you from
the morrow AFTER THE SABBATH, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the
wave offering; SEVEN SABBATHS shall be complete: Even unto the morrow AFTER THE
SEVENTH SABBATH shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat
offering unto Yahweh. (Leviticus 23:15-16)
It [shall be] unto you A SABBATH
of rest, and ye shall afflict your souls: in the ninth [day] of the month at
even, from even unto even, shall ye CELEBRATE YOUR SABBATH. (Leviticus 23:32)
NOTE: Here "shabbath" is AGAIN used to refer to the day of
Atonement. Beside THE SABBATHS of Yahweh,
and beside your gifts, and beside all your vows, and beside all your freewill
offerings, which ye give unto Yahweh.
(Leviticus 23:38) {In the KJV
the word "Sabbath" is also used in Leviticus 23, in verses 24 and 39,
but in both of those verses it is a translation of the intensified Hebrew word
"shabbathown", referred to earlier. In both these verses
"shabbathown" is used to refer to Holy days ... the Feast of Trumpets
in verse 24 and the Feast of Tabernacles and Last Great Day in verse 39.} We have now looked at EVERY USE
OF THE WORD "SHABBATH" prior to Leviticus 24. In three different
places Yahweh VERY CLEARLY defines the word as referring to "the seventh
DAY". In NONE of those 22 different verses does it even remotely have the
meaning of "week". This word simply NEVER means "a week" or
"weeks" ... it never does!
The only reason some Jewish "authorities" will attach the meaning
of "week" to the word "shabbath" is in order to justify
their own unbiblical customs! To define the word as "week" is a
blatant defiance of the three definitions Yahweh Almighty inspired Moses to
record! The attempt to persuade people
to accept that "shabbath" ALSO means "week" also counts on
people's ignorance ... it attempts to persuade people to accept that the word
"shabbath" somehow also means "SEVEN"! But it clearly does
NOT mean "seven" at all and in fact the word has NOTHING to do with
"seven"! The statement "the seventh day" simply tells us
WHEN the Sabbath is to take place ... but it does NOT tell us WHAT is to take
place on that day. It is the meaning of the word "Sabbath" itself
which makes clear that it is to be "A REST DAY." IF I were to include at this
stage THE TEXT for the remaining 81 occurrences of the word
"shabbath" in the Old Testament, it would reveal EXACTLY the same
thing we can see in the first 27 occurrences ... that it ALWAYS refers to
"a day" and NEVER to "A WEEK"! Nowhere in the Old Testament does the word "shabbath"
ever refer to "a week"! It simply never does. I will not take the
time to list the other 81 places ... but if you are still unconvinced, please
feel free to do so yourself with the help of a concordance. But also keep in mind that in Hebrew there
ALREADY was a word which specifically and exclusively meant "a week"
... and that is the word "shabuwa". There is neither need nor
justification for extending the meaning of a word that refers to ONE SPECIFIC
DAY to also somehow mean "a period of seven days." To apply the word
"shabbath" to mean "a week" defiles and pollutes the
meaning of the word "shabbath". How could you POSSIBLY assume that a
word which means "a rest DAY" could refer to a period of time that
includes SIX WORK DAYS? To imply that the word "shabbath" can mean a
period of time which includes 1 REST DAY PLUS 6 WORK DAYS totally obliterates
the meaning of "rest day"! The other 6 days of the week actually
OPPOSE the meaning of the word "shabbath" ... Yahweh clearly spelled
out that they are to be WORK days. The Sabbath is always presented by Yahweh IN
CONTRAST to the other 6 days of the week. It is the one day which is DIFFERENT!
And the word "Sabbath" can NEVER include the other ordinary workdays
of the week! The reason the word
"Sabbath" can be applied to the Holy days is precisely because of
what the word means ... rest day. The Holy Days are also rest days from our
normal labor. Note also: IF the word
"Sabbath" in any way meant "seven" THEN it would not have
been possible to refer to the annual Holy Days as "Sabbaths". The
fact that the word "Sabbath" CAN be applied to the Holy Days proves
again that this word "Sabbath" inherently refers to REST and not to
seven or to seventh. This should
suffice to clearly establish the meanings these two Hebrew words are given in
the Bible: SHABBATH always means
"Sabbath" and never means "week." SHABUWA always means
"week" and never means "Sabbath." With this background, let's now examine the Scriptures which
speak about the Feast of Pentecost. Leviticus 23:15-16 Examined Let's start off by looking at
the KJV of these two verses. 15 And ye shall COUNT unto you FROM the morrow
AFTER THE SABBATH, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; SEVEN SABBATHS shall be
complete: 16 Even unto THE MORROW AFTER THE SEVENTH SABBATH shall ye number FIFTY DAYS; and ye shall
offer a new meat offering unto Yahweh.
(Leviticus 23) Let's look at this verse
with the original Hebrew words inserted for our key words. 15
And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after THE
"SHABBATH", from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; SEVEN
"SHABBATH's" shall be
complete: 16 Even unto the
morrow after THE SEVENTH "SHABBATH" shall ye number fifty days; and
ye shall offer a new meat offering unto
Yahweh. (Lev. 23) The facts about these
verses are: 1) The word
"FROM" is better translated as "BEGINNING WITH". 2) The
word "COUNT" refers to "COUNTING DAYS", not seeds. 3) The
Hebrew word "SHABBATH" is used 3 times here. 4) The Hebrew word
"SHABUWA" is NOT USED in these verses. 5) The day after a Sabbath is
"the first day of the week". 6) To start counting from the first day
of the week means that every time you reach a new Sabbath in your counting, you
have counted A FULL WEEK. So when you have counted "the seventh
Sabbath", you have in effect also counted "seven weeks". 7) But
here the original instruction is to count "seven Sabbaths" and NOT
"seven weeks", even though the effect is the same IF you start out
counting after a weekly Sabbath. 8) The statement "the morrow after"
means "THE DAY after", and not "the morning after". The
Hebrew here has nothing to do with "morning". In fact, "the
morrow after" begins at sunset. Now understand something very clearly! In these two verses the Hebrew
"shabbath" is used three times. ALL OF THE INCORRECT EXPLANATIONS
DEPEND ON, WITHOUT ANY PROOF WHATSOEVER, APPLYING DIFFERENT MEANINGS TO THIS
WORD "SHABBATH"! In verse 15
everyone is agreed that the statement "the day after the SHABBATH"
means that the word "shabbath" means "a day" and does NOT
mean "a week". Those who follow the wrong explanation want the word
"shabbath" in this verse to refer to the ANNUAL HOLY DAY (i.e. the
first day of Unleavened Bread). However,
they CERTAINLY do not claim that the first use of "shabbath" in verse
15 means "a week"! They AGREE that there the word MUST refer to
"a day"! But when the word
"shabbath" is used again exactly six words later (in the Hebrew
text), then they want the word ALL OF A SUDDEN, WITHOUT ANY PROOF, WITHOUT ANY
PRECEDENT, to have a different meaning. Suddenly "shabbath" is
supposed to mean "WEEK". This is in spite of the fact that Hebrew has
a very specific word for "week" (shabuwa). Yahweh inspired this one word "shabbath" to be used
twice in one verse; and the false explanations depend on changing the meaning
of the word midway through this verse. They are not prepared to be
consistent. Then, in the next verse
(i.e. verse 16) they want the word "shabbath" to again have this
meaning of "weeks"; a meaning this word NEVER has anywhere in the
Bible. The inconsistency in assigning
meanings to this word "shabbath" again becomes obvious in verse 16.
The statement "the day after the seventh SHABBATH" cannot refer to
"after the seventh HOLY DAY", which is the meaning these people want
to attach to the first use of "shabbath". That is: IF the statement
"the morrow after the Sabbath" in verse 15 is supposed to mean
"the day after THE HOLY DAY", then it would follow that the statement
"the morrow after the seventh Sabbath" in verse 16 really should mean
"the day after THE SEVENTH HOLY DAY" ... and that doesn't make
sense. IT SHOULD BE QUITE OBVIOUS THAT
THESE CLAIMS ARE ONLY MADE IN ORDER TO HOLD FAST TO THE TRADITIONS THE JEWS
HAVE DEVELOPED AROUND THE DAY OF PENTECOST!
The words of Yahshua the Messiah very clearly apply to these wrong
interpretations of these two verses.
And he said unto them, FULL WELL YE REJECT THE COMMANDMENT OF Yahweh,
THAT YE MAY KEEP YOUR OWN TRADITION. (Mark 7:9) Just think about it for a while: it is the use of
"shabbath" in verse 16 (i.e. "after the seventh shabbath")
that makes quite clear that in this context "shabbath" must refer to
the WEEKLY Sabbath. It follows that therefore the starting point seven weeks
earlier must also be a weekly Sabbath.
Remember that the word "shabbath" NEVER means "week"
anywhere in the Bible. The word "shabuwa" means "week". Of the more recent translations,
it is only the NEW KING JAMES VERSION, which stays faithful to the original
Hebrew words in these verses. This translation reads as follows: "And you shall count for yourselves
from the day after THE SABBATH, from the day that you brought the sheaf of the
wave offering: SEVEN SABBATHS shall be completed. Count fifty days to the day
after THE SEVENTH SABBATH; then you shall offer a new grain offering to
Yahweh." (NKJV Lev. 23:15-16)
NOTICE THIS MODERN TRANSLATION!
They have correctly and faithfully translated the three occurrences of
the Hebrew word "shabbath" into English as "Sabbath". This
is the CORRECT way of translating these verses. They have not allowed JEWISH
CUSTOMS to influence them in the translation of these two verses. Conclusion 1) We have carefully examined the meanings of key
Hebrew words. We have done this by examining how these words are used. 2) Specifically, we have seen that
"SHABUWA", the Hebrew word for "week" is not in any way
connected to the Hebrew word "SHABBATH". 3) The instructions for establishing when Pentecost is to be
observed are found in two different passages. Lev. 23:15-16 tells us to count 7
Sabbath days. Deut. 16:9-10 tells us to count 7 weeks. 4) Yahweh created the weekly cycle and with
Yahweh a Sabbath day concludes a week.
5) The only way Lev. 23 and Deut. 16 can be reconciled is to have the
counting start on the day after the WEEKLY Sabbath day. This is the only way in
which Lev. 23 and Deut. 16 will come up with the same day for Pentecost. This
way perfect weeks are counted. 6) The
statement in Lev. 23:16 "... the day after the seventh Sabbath" also
makes very clear that this MUST refer to the weekly Sabbath day. Therefore
seven weeks earlier it must also be a weekly Sabbath day. 7) All of the wrong
explanations are based on changing the meaning of the word "shabbath"
in Lev. 23:15-16. There is no justification anywhere in the Bible for doing
this. 8) To imply that
"shabbath" in Lev. 23:15 refers to the First Day of Unleavened Bread
totally negates any need "to count". In this case every explanation
for "counting" is weak and artificial. It should be quite clear by now that there is no
Biblical justification for keeping Pentecost on any other day than a
Sunday. ~<>~ (Edited, Condensed, and Adapted from an eleven-page article
by Frank W. Nelte. My thanks to him).
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